Carnitine is a quaternary amine compound found at high concentration in animal tissues,
particularly muscle, and is most well studied for its contribution to fatty acid transport into …

Nutrient uptake and waste excretion are among the many important functions of the cellular
membrane. While permitting nutrients into the cell, the cellular membrane system evolves to …

Increases in the environmental osmolarity are key determinants for the growth of
microorganisms. To ensure a physiologically acceptable level of cellular hydration and …

When exposed to osmotic stress from the environment, bacteria act to maintain cell turgor
and hydration by responding both on the level of gene transcription and protein activity …

Summary In an acidic (pH 5.8) and lysine‐rich environment Escherichia coli induces
expression of the cadBA operon which encodes CadA, catalysing the decarboxylation of …

Transport of solutes across biological membranes is performed by specialized secondary
transport proteins in the lipid bilayer, and is essential for life. Here we report the structures of …

We identified a choline, betaine and carnitine transporter, designated Cbc, from
Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is unusual among members of …

In LeuT, a prokaryotic homolog of neurotransmitter transporters, Na+ stabilizes outward-
open conformational states. We examined how each of the two LeuT Na+ binding sites …

The peptide transporter carbon starvation (CstA) family (transporter classification [TC] 2. A.
114) belongs to the second largest superfamily of secondary transporters, the amino …

The quarternary, trimethylated amine glycine betaine (GB) is widespread in nature but its
fate under anoxic conditions remains elusive. It can be used by some acetogenic bacteria as …