Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 10–14% of global population. Kidney
fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition leading to scarring, is a …

Gut microbiota and its metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA),
lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) impact cardiovascular …

Electrophilic compounds originating from nature or chemical synthesis have profound effects
on immune cells. These compounds are thought to act by cysteine modification to alter the …

Background Microglial polarization with M1/M2 phenotype shifts and the subsequent
neuroinflammatory responses are vital contributing factors for spinal cord injury (SCI) …

The gastrointestinal tract with its microbiota is a complex, open, and integrated ecosystem
with a high environmental exposure. It is widely accepted that the healthy gut microbiotais …

Background Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is a major threat to human health worldwide.
It is well established that smoking increases the risk of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disease; however, there is no effective
treatment for spinal cord injury. Neuroinflammation involves the activation of resident …

Several studies in recent years have demonstrated that gut microbiota–host interactions play
an important role in human health and disease, including inflammatory and cardiovascular …

Background. In the past decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used
for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), and noncoding RNAs in exosomes may play a major …

Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,
and its development involves multiple mechanisms. Gut microbiota has been reported to be …