We need to look beyond our gut instincts to use information on “simple” intestinal
physiological parameters as they have been presented to us in the past. Here we present a …

Numerous members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily are induced after exposure
to a variety of xenobiotics in human liver. We have gained considerable mechanistic insights …

We all respond differently to drugs. Personalised medicine aims to improve efficacy and
reduce side effects, and efforts are being made to understand the physiological differences …

Individual variability in expression and function of organic anion‐transporting polypeptide
1B1 (OATP1B1), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), and/or cytochrome P450 3A4 …

In general, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) are expressed in lower levels in the
extrahepatic tissues than in the liver, making the former less relevant for the clearance of …

Since their introduction circa 35 years ago, calcineurin-inhibitors (CNI) have become the
cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation. However, CNI's …

The present paper is an update of the data on the effects of diseases and environmental
factors on the expression and/or activity of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and …

The colon provides a plethora of therapeutic opportunities. There are multiple disease
targets, drug molecules, and colon-specific delivery systems to be explored. Clinical studies …

It is difficult to predict the first-pass effect in the human intestine due to a lack of scaling
factors for correlating in vitro and in vivo data. We have quantified cytochrome P450/3A4 …

Major improvements have been made in mRNA quantification and internal standard
selection over the last decade. Our aim in this paper is to present the main developments …