Simple Summary Stereotaxic surgery techniques are commonly used today in research
laboratories by a range of students, technicians, and researchers. Over the past twenty …

The striatum has long been known to be involved in the control of motor behavior, since
disruption of dopamine-mediated function in this brain structure is directly linked to …

The central cholinergic system and muscarinic cholinergic receptor (mR) activation have
long been associated with cognitive function. And degeneration of the cholinergic basal …

Mammalian brains contain a variety of self-centered socio-emotional systems. An
understanding of how they interact with more recent cognitive structures may be essential for …

The basolateral amygdala and the ventral subiculum of the hippocampal formation are two
of the major limbic-related regions within the brain, both of which project heavily to the …

Acute stress results in release of glucocorticoids, which are potent modulators of learning
and plasticity. This process is presumably mediated by the basolateral amygdala (BLA) …

The effect of the blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA)-type glutamatergic receptors
in the nucleus accumbens septi (Acc) during different phases of a passive avoidance task …

Fear memory is critical for individual survival. However, the maladaptive fear response is
one of the hallmarks of fear-related disorders, which is characterized by the failure to …

This study examined an interaction between glutamate and norepinephrine in the bed
nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in modulating affective memory formation. Male Wistar …

The present study investigated the role of cholinergic muscarinic receptor function within the
basolateral amygdala memory in the consolidation of conditioned place preference (CPP) …