Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

Central chemoreception traditionally refers to a change in ventilation attributable to changes
in CO 2/H+ detected within the brain. Interest in central chemoreception has grown …

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is a critical hemodynamic factor. The absence of proper
regulation of MAP can have important pathophysiological consequences. Low MAP can …

A panic response is an adaptive response to deal with an imminent threat and consists of an
integrated pattern of behavioral (aggression, fleeing, or freezing) and increased …

The precise neural circuitry that mediates arousal during sleep apnea is not known. We
previously found that glutamatergic neurons in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus …

The nucleus of the solitary tract (solitary nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarii [NTS]), located in
the dorsomedial medulla, is the first relay station for general visceral and taste afferents …

Obstructive sleep apnea is a sleep and breathing disorder, in which, patients suffer from
cycles of atonia of airway dilator muscles during sleep, resulting in airway collapse, followed …

Early-life adversities are associated with altered defensive responses. Here, we
demonstrate that the repeated cross-fostering (RCF) paradigm of early maternal separation …

Breathing responds to changes in CO 2 and O 2 detected by respiratory chemoreceptors. In
this paper I examine the methodologies for a quantitative assessment of the respiratory …

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains CO2‐responsive neurons that regulate breathing
frequency and amplitude. These neurons (RTN‐Phox2b neurons) contain the transcription …