Vaccines are the key technology to combat existing and emerging infectious diseases.
However, increasing the potency, quality and durability of the vaccine response remains a …

Cancer vaccines aim to direct the immune system to eradicate cancer cells. Here we review
the essential immunologic concepts underpinning natural immunity and highlight the …

Global deployment of vaccines that can provide protection across several age groups is still
urgently needed to end the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in low-and middle-income …

The spleen is a gatekeeper of systemic immunity where immune responses against blood-
borne pathogens are initiated and sustained. Non-haematopoietic stromal cells construct …

Activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is key to
generate lasting adaptive immunity. PRRs detect unique chemical patterns associated with …

The organization of immune cells in human tumors is not well understood. Immunogenic
tumors harbor spatially localized multicellular 'immunity hubs' defined by expression of the T …

The lymphatic system (LS) is composed of lymphoid organs and a network of vessels that
transport interstitial fluid, antigens, lipids, cholesterol, immune cells, and other materials in …

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) and are essential in
killing infected or transformed cells. NK cells mediate their effector functions using non …

Lymph node metastasis is a crucial prognostic parameter in many different types of cancers
and a gateway for further dissemination to distant organs. Prior to metastatic dissemination …

Although virus–host interactions are usually studied in a single cell type using in vitro assays
in immortalized cell lines or isolated cell populations, it is important to remember that what is …