Cancer nanovaccines as one of immunotherapeutic approaches are able to attack tumors by
stimulating tumor-specific immunological responses. However, there still exist multiple …

This work describes the nature and strength of the immune response induced by various Toll-
like receptor ligands and their ability to act as vaccine adjuvants. It reviews the various …

Peptide vaccines have advantages in easy fabrication and high safety, but their
effectiveness is hampered by the poor immunogenicity of the epitopes themselves. Herein …

Simple Summary Nucleic acid drugs provide novel therapeutic modalities with
characteristics that differ from those of small molecules and antibodies. In this review, I focus …

Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are
recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) found in antigen-presenting cells and B cells and …

Since its first discovery in the late 1960s, schizophyllan attracted much attention from both
academia and industry. Schizophyllan is an exopolysaccharide elaborated by the …

Background Vaccines that incorporate multiple SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens can further broaden
the breadth of virus‐specific cellular and humoral immunity. This study describes the …

Adjuvants improve host responsiveness to co-delivered vaccines through a variety of
mechanisms. Agents that trigger cells expressing Toll-like receptors (TLR) activate an innate …

Peptide-based neoantigen vaccines hold tremendous potential for personalized tumor
immunotherapy. However, effective delivery and controllable release of antigen peptides …

Vaccination is among the most efficient forms of immunotherapy. Although sometimes
inducing lifelong protective B-cell responses, T-cell–mediated immunity remains …