Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological
responses. Long-and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and …

This review summarizes recent findings on peripheral mechanisms underlying the
generation and inhibition of pain. The focus is on events occurring in peripheral injured …

Objectives: This review presents and discusses basic science findings and scientific
evidence generated within the last 2 decades in the field of acute postoperative pain …

Facial expression is widely used as a measure of pain in infants; whether nonhuman
animals display such pain expressions has never been systematically assessed. We …

Mast cells can be found in close proximity to peripheral nerve endings where, upon
activation, they release a broad range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines …

Postoperative pain management in animals is complicated greatly by the inability to
recognize pain. As a result, the choice of analgesics and their doses has been based on …

Opioid receptor antagonists increase hyperalgesia in humans and animals, which indicates
that endogenous activation of opioid receptors provides relief from acute pain; however, the …

Primary afferents are known to be inhibited by kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling.
However, the specific types of somatosensory neurons that express KOR remain unclear …

Pain hypersensitivity at the site of inflammation as a result of chronic immune diseases,
pathogenic infection, and tissue injury is a common medical condition. However, the specific …

INTRODUCTION Tissue injury triggers rapid local responses coordinated by immune cells,
which dictate the maintenance and resolution of inflammation and therefore the recovery …