Background Tapinarof cream 1% once daily, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-modulating
agent, was significantly more efficacious than vehicle and well tolerated in two 12-week …

Background Despite the great success, the therapeutic benefits of immune checkpoint
inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer immunotherapy are limited by either various resistance …

Substratum surface roughness is known to be one of the key factors in determining the
extent of bacterial colonization. Understanding the way by which the substratum topography …

The tryptophan metabolites indole, indole-3-acetate, and tryptamine were identified in
mouse cecal extracts and fecal pellets by mass spectrometry. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that belongs to
the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Although the AhR was initially …

The chronic intestinal inflammation that characterises Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
arises from a complex interplay between host genotype, the immune system, and the …

The view of CD4 T‐cell‐mediated immunity as a balance between distinct lineages of Th1
and Th2 cells has changed dramatically. Identification of the IL‐17 family of cytokines and of …

The immune response is normally controlled by regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, Treg
deficits are found in autoimmune diseases, and therefore the induction of functional Tregs is …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was first identified as the intracellular protein that
bound and mediated the toxic effects of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) …

CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential to the balance between pro-and
anti-inflammatory responses. There are two major subsets of Treg cells,“natural” Treg …