In 2019, an 'influenza pandemic'and 'vaccine hesitancy'were listed as two of the top 10
challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its …

Background A number of enhanced influenza vaccines have been developed for use in
older adults, including high-dose, MF59-adjuvanted, and intradermal vaccines. Methods We …

Dermal immunization using antigen-coated microneedle arrays is a promising vaccination
strategy. However, reduction of microneedle sharpness and the available surface area for …

Background: Aging and immunosenescence lead to a gradual decline in immune responses
in the elderly and the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines in this age group is sub-optimal …

The main public health strategy for containing influenza-related disease is annual
vaccination, which is recommended for the elderly and others belonging to risk-factor …

Under the pandemic situation, there is an urgent need to produce and acquire sufficient
quantities of prophylactic vaccines. It becomes important to devise a way to achieve reliable …

Background It has been clinically demonstrated that intradermal (ID) vaccines have a
potential to confer a superior immunogenic profile compared to intramuscular (IM) or …

Skin is protected by a tough but flexible multilayered barrier and is a front line for immune
responses against invading particles. For many years now, skin has been a tissue where …

Intradermal (ID) vaccination induces a more potent immune response and requires lower
vaccine doses as compared with standard vaccination routes. To deliver ID vaccines …

Efficient and timely delivery of vaccine antigens to the secondary lymphoid tissue is crucial
to induce protective immune responses by vaccination. However, determining the …