Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important
roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by eg, status epilepticus, traumatic brain …

Wakefulness is driven by the widespread release of neuromodulators by the ascending
arousal system. Yet, it is unclear how these substances orchestrate state-dependent, global …

To counteract oxidative stress and associated brain diseases, antioxidant systems rescue
neuronal cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preserving …

Connexins are ubiquitous channel forming proteins that assemble as plasma membrane
hemichannels and as intercellular gap junction channels that directly connect cells. In the …

An extensive literature shows that astrocytes exhibit metabotropic glutamate receptor 5
(mGluR5)–dependent increases in cytosolic calcium ions (Ca2+) in response to …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been well established as an important extracellular
ligand of autocrine signaling, intercellular communication, and neurotransmission with …

Astrocytes comprise a large population of cells in the brain and are important partners to
neighboring neurons, vascular cells, and other glial cells. Astrocytes not only form a scaffold …

Extracellular adenosine 5′ triphosphate (ATP) is a widespread cell-to-cell signaling
molecule in the brain, where it activates cell surface P2X and P2Y receptors. P2X receptors …

Microglia are morphologically dynamic cells that rapidly extend their processes in response
to various stimuli including extracellular ATP. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that …