The brain has almost no energy reserve, but its activity coordinates organismal function, a
burden that requires precise coupling between neurotransmission and energy metabolism …

Background Increased peripheral inflammation has been consistently reported in patients
with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, only few studies have explored markers of …

The impact of infections and inflammation during pregnancy on the developing fetal brain
remains incompletely defined, with important clinical and research gaps. Although the …

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP),
dizocilpine (MK-801) and ketamine have long been considered a model of schizophrenia …

Low-grade inflammation plays a role not only in the pathogenesis of major depressive
disorder (MDD) but probably also in the poor responsiveness to regular antidepressants …

Astrocytes, a class of morphologically and functionally diverse primary homeostatic
neuroglia, are key keepers of neural tissue homeostasis and fundamental contributors to …

Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, as the
majority of neurons use glutamate as neurotransmitter. It is also well known that this …

The pathophysiology of depression is multifactorial yet generally aggravated by stress and
its associated physiological consequences. To effectively treat these diverse risk factors, a …

Objective Depression is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but its impact on disability
worsening has not yet been determined. We explored the risk of disability worsening …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a devastating mental disorder that affects up to 17% of
the population worldwide. Although brain-wide network-level abnormalities in MDD patients …