Metals are the oldest toxins known to humans. Metals differ from other toxic substances in
that they are neither created nor destroyed by humans (Casarett and Doull's, Toxicology: the …

The risk assessment of pesticide residues in food is based on toxicological evaluation of the
single compounds and no internationally accepted procedure exists for evaluation of …

With the release of the landmark report Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a
Strategy, the US National Academy of Sciences, in 2007, precipitated a major change in the …

A major objective of combination toxicology is to establish whether a mixture of chemicals
will result in an effect similar to that expected on the basis of additivity. This requires …

This paper addresses major developments in the safety evaluation of chemical mixtures
during the past 15 years, reviews today's state of the art of mixture toxicology, and discusses …

Numerous ecological risk assessment methodologies have been developed over the last
twenty years around the world for evaluating urban and industrial systems and installations …

An analysis of current mixture theory, policy, and practice was conducted by examining
standard reference texts, regulatory guidance documents, and journal articles. Although this …

Unlike many existing books on toxicology that cover either toxicity of a particular substance
or toxicity of chemicals on particular organ systems, Toxicological Risk Assessment of …

FA (formaldehyde) and ACR (acrolein) are common pollutants in environment, which often
occur together in air. So, adverse health effects may not only result from their individual …

Amid growing efforts to advance the replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of
animals in research, there is a growing recognition that in vitro testing of medical devices …