Plants are sessile organisms that are under constant attack from microbes. They rely on both
preformed defenses, and their innate immune system to ward of the microbial pathogens …

The pathological importance of mixed viral infections in plants might be underestimated
except for a few well-characterized synergistic combinations in certain crops. Considering …

The infection and replication of viruses in the host induce diverse mechanisms for combating
viral infection. One of the best-studied antiviral defence mechanisms is based on RNA …

Abstract Background The CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity systems that are present in most
Archaea and many Bacteria function by incorporating fragments of alien genomes into …

To establish a successful infection plant viruses have to overcome a defense system
composed of several layers. This review will overview the various strategies plants employ …

Plant viruses are devastating plant pathogens that severely affect crop yield and quality.
Plants have developed multiple lines of defense systems to combat viral infection. Gene …

Symptoms on virus-infected plants are often very specific to the given virus. The molecular
mechanisms involved in viral symptom induction have been extensively studied, but are still …

Wheat and barley are the most highly produced and consumed grains in the world. Various
pathogens—viruses, bacteria, fungi, insect pests, and nematode parasites—are major …

RNA silencing (RNAi) induced by virus-derived double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is in a
sense regarded as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) of viruses, is a general …

Recent discoveries regarding small RNAs and the mechanisms of gene silencing are
providing new opportunities to explore fungal pathogen–host interactions and potential …