Vitamin B consists of a group of water-soluble micronutrients that are mainly derived from
the daily diet. They serve as cofactors, mediating multiple metabolic pathways in humans. As …

Thromboembolic manifestations are relatively frequent in patients with intermediate/severe
hyperhomocysteinemia (> 30 µmol/L) related to inherited disorders and deficiencies in …

Background Pathogen infections seriously affect host health, and the use of antibiotics
increases the risk of the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and also increases …

Abstract Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl) is required as a cofactor by two human enzymes, 5‐
methyltetrahydrofolate‐homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR) and methylmalonyl‐CoA …

Extensive research in countries with high sociodemographic indices (SDIs) to date has
shown that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be directly associated with more …

Morbid obesity is considered a civilization disease of the 21st century. Not only does obesity
increase mortality, but it is also the most important cause of the shortening life expectancy in …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is still one of the most common diseases worldwide, and its
prevalence is still increasing globally. According to the American and European …

Vitamin B12 (the cyanated form of cobalamin cofactors) is best known for its essential role in
human health. In addition to its function in human metabolism, cobalamin also plays …

Simple Summary Cobalt (Co) is an essential element with ubiquitous dietary exposure and
possible incremental exposure due to dietary supplements, occupations, and medical …

Infectious diseases remain the most serious public health issue, which requires the
development of more effective strategies for infectious control. As a kind of ultra-trace …