Before the advent of L-DOPA, the gold standard symptomatic therapy for Parkinson's
disease (PD), anticholinergic drugs (muscarinic receptor antagonists) were the preferred …

Caloric restriction (CR) is argued to positively affect general health, longevity and the
normally occurring age-related reduction of cognition. This issue is well examined, but most …

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown an antidepressant effect of glabellar
botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections. In the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder with motor dysfunction and a number of
psychiatric symptoms. Symptoms such as anxiety and cognitive deficits emerge prior to …

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is an effective and safe therapy for the symptomatic treatment of
several neurological disturbances. An important line of research has provided numerous …

Parkinson's patients often suffer from depression and anxiety, for which there are no optimal
treatments. Hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats were used to test whether intrastriatal …

Abstract Rationale Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system
atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), share a distinct pathological feature …

Cholinergic crisis and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of the brain have been known to
induce anxiety disorders upon ageing. BOTOX® is a widely used therapeutic form of …

Botulinum toxin (Botox) is widely used in beauty industry and its long-term consequences
can be a matter of concern. The hippocampal cholinergic system plays a significant role in …

Neuroinflammation and inner immune dysfunction are increasingly accepted as important
components of the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). According to emerging …