Plant architecture fundamentally differs from that of other multicellular organisms in that
individual cells serve as osmotic bricks, defined by the equilibrium between the internal …

Plants have evolved a repertoire of monitoring systems to sense plant morphogenesis and
to face environmental changes and threats caused by different attackers. These systems …

Sensing and signaling of cell wall status and dynamics regulate many processes in plants,
such as cell growth and morphogenesis, but the underpinning mechanisms remain largely …

The free radicals along with several reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen
species (RNS) are known to play a dual role in the biological living system which carries a …

Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular
composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by …

The structural and functional integrity of the cell wall needs to be constantly monitored and
fine‐tuned to allow for growth while preventing mechanical failure. Many studies have …

As a consequence of a sessile lifestyle, plants are continuously exposed to changing
environmental conditions and often life-threatening stresses caused by exposure to …

Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable
coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins …

Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls, which are dynamic structures displaying a strictly
regulated balance between rigidity and flexibility. Walls are fairly rigid to provide support and …

The plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens. The plant
cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent …