Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) represents an evolutionarily conserved family of
secreted polypeptide factors that regulate many aspects of physiological embryogenesis …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family members are structurally and functionally related
cytokines that have diverse effects on the regulation of cell fate during embryonic …

In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and advanced scientific
research topic. The development of treatment methods has evoked great expectations. This …

Cancer immunotherapies have shown clinical success in various types of tumors but the
patient response rate is low, particularly in breast cancer. Here we report that malignant …

The CNS critically relies on the formation and proper function of its vasculature during
development, adult homeostasis and disease. Angiogenesis—the formation of new blood …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling
has fundamental roles in both embryonic skeletal development and postnatal bone …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related growth factors are secreted pleiotropic
factors that play critical roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family members signal via heterotetrameric complexes
of type I and type II dual specificity kinase receptors. The activation and stability of the …

Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer
of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most …

Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …