Dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit a specialized antigen-presenting function and play crucial roles
in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to their ability to cross-present tumor …

Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between
cancer cells and their microenvironment, which comprises stromal cells and extracellular …

Despite the remarkable success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in melanoma
treatment, resistance to them remains a substantial clinical challenge. Myeloid-derived …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the
extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are …

The tumor microenvironment represents a complex network, in which tumor cells not only
communicate with each other but also with stromal and immune cells. Current research has …

Tumors are not isolated entities, but complex systemic networks involving cell-cell
communication between transformed and non-transformed cells. The milieu created by …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent stromal cells with the potential to
differentiate into several cell types. MSC‐based therapy has emerged as a promising …

The administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a therapy for liver disease holds
great promise. MSCs can differentiate into hepatocytes, reduce liver inflammation, promote …

The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the host defense against viral and
microbial infection. Exosomes constitute a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by almost all cells. They contain proteins, lipids,
and nucleic acids which are delivered from the parent cells to the recipient cells. Thereby …