The ubiquity of aqueous solutions in contact with charged surfaces and the realization that
the molecular-level details of water–surface interactions often determine interfacial functions …

This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of
pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that …

Nanotechnology plays a significant role in the field of medicine and in drug delivery, mainly
due to the major limitations affecting the conventional pharmaceutical agents, and older …

Protein-based therapeutics are an attractive alternative to established therapeutic
approaches and represent one of the fastest growing families of drugs. While many of these …

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most commonly used biodegradable polymer in clinical
applications today. Examples range from drug delivery systems, tissue engineering …

The pH in tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment has played important roles in
cancer development and treatment. It was thought that both the extracellular and …

Stimulus-cleavable nanoscale drug delivery systems are receiving significant attention
owing to their capability of achieving exquisite control over drug release via the exposure to …

pH-sensing materials and configurations are rapidly evolving toward exciting new
applications, especially those in biomedical applications. In this review, we highlight rapid …

The use of bacterial cells as agents of medical therapy has a long history. Research that was
ignited over a century ago with the accidental infection of cancer patients has matured into a …

Nature employs a variety of tactics to precisely time and execute the processes and
mechanics of life, relying on sequential sense and response cascades to transduce …