The generation of oxygen radicals and their derivatives, known as reactive oxygen
species,(ROS) is a part of the signaling process in higher plants at lower concentrations, but …

Salt stress is one of the major environmental stresses limiting plant growth and productivity.
To adapt to salt stress, plants have developed various strategies to integrate exogenous …

In the past and present, human activities have been involved in triggering global warming,
causing drought stresses that affect animals and plants. Plants are more defenseless …

Salicylic acid (SA) is a very simple phenolic compound (a C7H6O3 compound composed of
an aromatic ring, one carboxylic and a hydroxyl group) and this simplicity contrasts with its …

Crop yield loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. Salt
stress drastically affects the growth, development, and grain productivity of rice (Oryza sativa …

Abiotic stresses (such as metals/metalloids, salinity, ozone, UV-B radiation, extreme
temperatures, and drought) are among the most challenging threats to agricultural system …

Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic stresses in nature and exhibit unique and complex
responses to these stresses depending on their degree of plasticity involving many …

Plant hormones play a vital role in promoting growth, development and metabolism of the
plant, as well as act as a protector against various environmental stresses. In particular …

Ethylene is essential for many developmental processes and a key mediator of biotic and
abiotic stress responses in plants. The ethylene signaling and response pathway includes …

Industrialization and urbanization have posed serious threats to the environment. Excessive
release of heavy metals from industrial effluents and overuse of pesticides in modern …