Human α-synuclein (hα-SYN) is implicated in the Parkinson's disease phenotype (PDP)
based on a variety of studies in man, animal models, and in vitro studies. The normal …

Formation of the mammalian endocrine system and neuroendocrine organs involves
complex regulatory networks resulting in a highly specialized cell system able to secrete a …

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a rate-limiting enzyme broadly expressed in noradrenergic and
dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system. 57, 70 Tyrosine hydroxylase is also …

The major pathological lesion of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the selective cell death of
dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra (SN). Although the initial cause and …

Recent findings have uncovered a role for the Bcl-x gene in the survival of dopaminergic
neurons. The exact nature of this role has been difficult to examine because of the …

Monoamine oxidases A (MAOA) and B (MAOB) are key players in the inactivation pathway
of biogenic amines. Their cellular localization has been well established in the mature brain …

Gata3 mutant mice expire of noradrenergic deficiency by embryonic day (E) 11 and can be
rescued pharmacologically or, as shown here, by restoring Gata3 function specifically in …

A segmental mapping of brain tyrosine‐hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (TH‐IR) neurons in
human embryos between 4.5 and 6 weeks of gestation locates with novel precision the …

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines
and, thus, critical in determining the catecholaminergic phenotype. In this study, we have …

To delineate DNA sequences responsible for developmentally correct expression of the rat
tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene, we analyzed a line of transgenic mice expressing high …