Nowadays it is well accepted that in Parkinson's disease (PD), the neurodegenerative
process occurs in stages and that damage to other areas precedes the neuronal loss in the …

Pain is an increasingly recognized non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), with
significant prevalence and strong impact on quality of life of patients. Moreover, pain can …

Objective To investigate the contribution of substantia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC)
pathology to clinical signs and symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD) by applying …

The musculoskeletal orofacial pain is a complex symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD)
resulting in stomatognathic system dysfunctions aggravated by the disease rigidity and …

Although pain is a prevalent nonmotor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD), it is
undertreated, in part because of our limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms …

Pain is a key non-motor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) that significantly impacts on life
quality. The mechanisms underlying chronic pain in PD are poorly understood, hence the …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is considered the gold-
standard treatment for PD; however, underlying therapeutic mechanisms need to be …

Pain is a common annoying non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) that causes
distress to patients. Treatment for PD pain remains a big challenge, as its underlying …

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the
nigrostriatal pathway and oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms that lead to …

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients often complain of pain, but this problem has been
neglected and is poorly understood. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), an …