This review constitutes the first of four reviews that systematically address contemporary
knowledge about the mechanical behavior of the cervical vertebrae and the soft-tissues of …

Minor injuries of the cervical spine are essentially defined as injuries that do not involve a
fracture. Archetypical of minor cervical injury is the whiplash injury. Among other reasons …

The paper reviews the roots, the state-of-the-art and perspectives of multibody system
dynamics. Some historical remarks show that multibody system dynamics is based on …

A better characterisation of soft tissues is required to improve the accuracy of human body
models used, amongst other applications, for virtual crash modelling. This paper presents a …

Several mathematical cervical models of the 50th percentile male have been developed and
used for impact biomechanics research. However, for the 50th percentile female no similar …

Objective: The aim of this work is to study driver and passenger kinematics in autonomous
braking scenarios, with and without pretensioned seat belts, using a whole-body finite …

Unlike other modes of loading, the tolerance of the human neck in tension depends heavily
on the load bearing capabilities of the muscles of the neck. Because of limitations in animal …

Although in vivo spinal loads have been previously measured, existing data are limited to
certain lumbar and thoracic levels. A detailed investigation of spinal loads would assist with …

Background As the work load has been shifting from heavy manufacturing to office work,
neck disorders are increasing. However, most of the current cervical spine biomechanical …

Objective: The aim of this study is to model occupant kinematics in an autonomous braking
event by using a finite element (FE) human body model (HBM) with active muscles as a step …