Increased glucose metabolism and uptake are characteristic of many tumors and used
clinically to diagnose and monitor cancer progression. In addition to cancer cells, the tumor …

Macrophages are versatile and heterogeneous innate immune cells undertaking central
functions in balancing immune responses and tissue repair to maintain homeostasis. This …

Cancer is now considered a tumor microenvironment (TME) disease, although it was
originally thought to be a cell and gene expression disorder. Over the past 20 years …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has a paradoxical role in cancer
progression, and it acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stages but a tumor promoter in …

The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream mediator in the
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways, which plays a pivotal role in …

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 (PD-
1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)–based immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led …

Cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. In the course of this
multistage and multifactorial disease, a set of alterations takes place, with genetic and …

Cancer greatly affects the quality of life of humans worldwide and the number of patients
suffering from it is continuously increasing. Over the last century, numerous treatments have …

Neutrophils are a vital component of immune protection, yet in cancer they may promote
tumour progression, partly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupts …

Solid tumors reside in harsh tumor microenvironments (TMEs) together with various stromal
cell types. During tumor progression and metastasis, both tumor and stromal cells undergo …