For complex diseases, most drugs are highly ineffective, and the success rate of drug
discovery is in constant decline. While low quality, reproducibility issues, and translational …

Cancer is a complex disease resulting from abnormal cell growth that is induced by a
number of genetic and environmental factors. The tumor microenvironment (TME), which …

Abstract Hexokinase 2 (HK2), which catalyzes the first committed step in glucose
metabolism, is induced in cancer cells. HK2's role in tumorigenesis has been attributed to its …

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second
messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1–9 …

The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family plays a pivotal role in regulating levels of
the second messenger cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been investigated as a …

Targeting the collecting duct water channel aquaporin 2 (AQP2) to the plasma membrane is
essential for the maintenance of mammalian water homeostasis. The vasopressin V2 …

Many of the fundamental concepts of signal transduction and kinase activity are attributed to
the discovery and crystallization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A …

Junctions between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane (PM) are
specialized membrane contacts ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. Concentration of intracellular …

Genetic alterations that activate protein kinase A (PKA) are found in many tumor types. Yet,
their downstream oncogenic signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. We used global …

Spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular signaling molecules, such as the 3′, 5′-cyclic
adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA), ensures proper …