Traditionally, testosterone and estrogen have been considered to be male and female sex
hormones, respectively. However, estradiol, the predominant form of estrogen, also plays a …

Although it has been known for many years that estrogen administration has deleterious
effects on male fertility, data from transgenic mice deficient in estrogen receptors or …

There are few systematic studies of the relationship between blood testosterone
concentrations and the symptoms of overt androgen deficiency. Because most testosterone …

Background The growing interest in measuring blood free testosterone (FT) is constrained
by the unsuitability of the laborious reference methods for wider adoption in routine …

The efficacy and safety of androgen supplementation in older men remains controversial.
Despite biochemical evidence of partial androgen deficiency in older men, controlled …

WHO studies provided proof of concept for hormonal male contraception using a prototype
androgen-alone regimen. Combined testosterone plus progestin regimens offer more …

The provision of safe, effective contraception has been revolutionized in the past 40 yr
following the development of synthetic steroids and the demonstration that administration of …

A bs T r ACT background: obesity can be associated with biochemical evidence of isolated
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (iHH) in men. Prevalence and severity of iHH in obese …

Elevated estradiol levels are correlated with male infertility. Causes of hyperestrogenism
include diseases of the adrenal cortex, testis or medications affecting the hypothalamus …

Despite partial androgen deficiency, the safety and efficacy of androgen therapy in older
men remains controversial because controlled studies of testosterone have given equivocal …