Mammals expend energy in many ways, including basic cellular maintenance and repair,
digestion, thermoregulation, locomotion, growth and reproduction. These processes can …

Running wheels are commonly employed to measure rodent physical activity in a variety of
contexts, including studies of energy balance and obesity. There is no consensus on the …

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) sense and respond to hemodynamic forces such as
pulsatile shear stress (PS) and oscillatory shear stress (OS). Among the metabolic pathways …

Associations between birth weight and CVD in adult life are supported by experiments
showing that undernutrition in fetal life programmes blood pressure. In rats, the feeding of a …

Although behavior may often be a fairly direct target of natural or sexual selection, it cannot
evolve without changes in subordinate traits that cause or permit its expression. In principle …

Mice from four lines bred for high voluntary wheel activity run∼ 3-fold more revolutions per
day and have elevated maximal oxygen consumption during forced treadmill exercise, as …

Mounting experimental evidence, predominantly from male rodents, demonstrates that high-
fat diet (HFD) consumption and ensuing obesity are detrimental to the brain. To shed …

To gain insight into past human physical activity, anthropologists often infer functional
loading history from the morphology of limb bone remains. It is assumed that, during life …

Obesity leads to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) manifested by recurrent upper airway
obstructions termed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and carbon dioxide retention due to …

Locomotion is central to behavior and intrinsic to many fitness-critical activities (eg,
migration, foraging), and it competes with other life-history components for energy. However …