Although classically known as an endocrine signal produced by the ovary, 17β-estradiol (E
2) is also a neurosteroid produced in neurons and astrocytes in the brain of many different …

Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

In the twentieth century, the dominant model of sexual differentiation stated that genetic sex
(XX versus XY) causes differentiation of the gonads, which then secrete gonadal hormones …

Human learning is distinguished by the range and complexity of skills that can be learned
and the degree of abstraction that can be achieved compared with those of other species …

The 1959 publication of the paper by Phoenix et al. was a major turning point in the study of
sexual differentiation of the brain. That study showed that sex differences in behavior, and by …

Steroids and peptides mediate a diverse array of animal social behaviors. Human research
is restricted by technical–ethical limitations, and models of the neuroendocrine regulation of …

Sex differences in the function of the hippocampus have been observed in numerous
mammalian species. However, the magnitude, extent, and specificity of these differences are …

Neuroactive steroids synthesized in neuronal tissue, referred to as neurosteroids, are
implicated in proliferation, differentiation, activity and survival of nerve cells. Neurosteroids …

The last decade has produced an explosion in neuroscience research examining young
children's early processing of language that has implications for education. Noninvasive …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and cognition”. Since the publication of the
1998 special issue of Hormones and Behavior on estrogens and cognition, substantial …