Animals constantly integrate external stimuli with their own internal physiological state to
make appropriate behavioural decisions. Little is known, however, about where in the brain …

Over the past two decades, the classical understanding of steroid action has been updated
to include rapid, membrane-initiated, neurotransmitter-like functions. While steroids were …

The hippocampus is a center for learning and memory as well as a target of Alzheimer's
disease in aged humans. Synaptic modulation by estrogen is essential to understand the …

Wnt signaling has emerged as a potent regulator of hippocampal synaptic function, although
no evidence yet supports a critical role for Wnt signaling in hippocampal memory. Here, we …

In male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), territorial challenges during the breeding
season can rapidly increase circulating levels of testosterone (T). During the non-breeding …

Male-female interaction is important for finding a suitable mating partner and for ensuring
reproductive success. Male sexual signals such as pheromones transmit information and …

The bi-directional links between hormones and behavior have been a rich area of research
for decades. Theory on the evolution of testosterone (T) was greatly advanced by the …

Steroids are secreted by the gonads and adrenal glands into the blood to modulate
neurophysiology and behaviour. In addition, the brain can metabolise circulating steroids …

Estradiol impacts a wide variety of brain processes, including sex differentiation, mood, and
learning. Here we show that estradiol regulates auditory processing of acoustic signals in …

Recent evidence shows that brain-derived steroids such as estrogens (“neuroestrogens”)
are controlled in a manner very similar to traditional neurotransmitters. The advent of in vivo …