Neurosteroids are potent neuromodulators which act in part by binding to and modifying the
activity of neurotransmitter-gated channels. Pregnanolone sulfate (PAS) is an endogenous …

Estrogens exert pleiotropic effects on reproductive traits, which include differentiation and
activation of reproductive behaviors and the control of the secretion of gonadotropins …

While studies of sonic mechanisms among vertebrates date back more than 100 years, the
past 25 years have witnessed a burgeoning of interest in the bioacoustics and behavioral …

Testosterone is critical for the activation of aggressive behaviours. In many vertebrate
species, circulating testosterone levels rapidly increase after aggressive encounters during …

Estrogens' effects on hearing are documented across species, but the responsible molecular
mechanisms remain unknown. The presence of estrogen receptors (ER) throughout the …

The enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens into oestrogens, is expressed
throughout the brain in zebra finches. Aromatase is enzymatically active in both cell bodies …

Decades of work have established the brain as a source of steroid hormones, termed
'neurosteroids'. The neurosteroid neuroestradiol is produced in discrete brain areas and …

The catecholamine norepinephrine plays a significant role in auditory processing. Most
studies to date have examined the effects of norepinephrine on the neuronal response to …

In the 1970s, Nottebohm and Arnold reported marked male-biased sex differences in the
volume of three song control nuclei in songbirds. Subsequently a series of studies on …

Recently significant progress was made in understanding the mechanisms by which the two
estrogen receptors (alpha and beta) are involved in different pathways of estrogen action in …