Many animals show pronounced changes in physiology and behavior across the annual
cycle, and these adaptations enable individuals to prioritize investing in the neuroendocrine …

Animals continually assess their environment for cues associated with threats, competitors,
allies, mates or prey, and experience is crucial for those associations. The auditory cortex is …

Abstract Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. Steroid hormones, such as
estrogens, were once thought to be exclusively synthesized in the ovaries and enact …

Increasing evidence indicates that the noradrenergic system plays a key role in biasing the
nervous system towards producing behaviors that help animals adapt to constantly …

The ability of steroid hormones to rapidly influence cell physiology through nongenomic
mechanisms raises the possibility that these molecules may play a role in the dynamic …

We have developed a sensitive and stable electrochemical method for 17β‐estradiol (E2)
detection using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). Recently, E2 was proposed to function …

Sex steroids assist adult neural tissue in the protection from and repair of damage resulting
from neural injury; some steroids may be synthesized in the brain. Songbirds are especially …

Classically, the modulation of brain function and behavior by steroid hormones was linked
exclusively to secretion by peripheral endocrine glands. Subsequently, steroid actions within …

A wealth of data collected in recent decades has demonstrated that ovarian sex-steroid
hormones, particularly 17β-estradiol (E 2), are important trophic factors that regulate the …

Neurons communicate primarily via action potentials that transmit information on the
timescale of milliseconds. Neurons also integrate information via alterations in gene …