Proteolysis of structural molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an irreversible post-
translational modification in all arthropathies. Common joint disorders, including …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and osteoarthritis (OA) affecting the facet joint of the
spine are biomechanically interdependent, typically occur in tandem, and have considerable …

Articular cartilage is a complex connective tissue with the fundamental functions of load
bearing, shock absorption and lubrication in joints. However, traumatic events, aging and …

Proteoglycans are vital components of the extracellular matrix in articular cartilage, providing
biomechanical properties crucial for its proper functioning. They are key players in chondral …

Tissue engineering holds great promise in the generation of cartilage analogues for
cartilage injury repair and replacement. However, for a long time, a variety of issues have …

Cells interact with their surrounding environment through a combination of static and
dynamic mechanical signals that vary over stimulus types, intensity, space, and time …

The use of mesenchymal stem cells constitutes a promising therapeutic approach, as it has
shown beneficial effects in different pathologies. Numerous in vitro, pre-clinical, and, to a …

Articular cartilage (AC) is the thin tissue that covers the long bone ends in the joints and that
ensures the transmission of forces between adjacent bones while allowing nearly …

Abstract Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are in vitro models that simulate the anatomical and
physiological structure of human organs at the micro-scale level. With the advantages of …

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune joint disease, the
pathogenesis of which is still unclear. Cartilage damage is one of the main manifestations of …