Discussion Receptors of endorphins are increased during stressfull conditions located on
nervous system and immune cells. Receptors of endorphins on peripheral nerves are …

Cancer remains a primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and its incidence
continues to increase. The most common cause of death in cancer patients is tumour …

Purpose The expression pattern of the opioid receptor (MOR) in pituitary neuroendocrine
tumors (PitNET) and the possible effect of morphine and naloxone on GH3 cell growth and …

Abstract Background and Objective Long‐term opioid treatment (L‐TOT) of chronic non‐
cancer pain (CNCP) patients has been suspected to alter the endocrine system. This …

Meperidine (pethidine) is a µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist widely used in the treatment of
cancer pain. While MOR agonists in experimental models have demonstrated both pro-and …

Background The effect of pain genes (NAV1, EHMT2, SP1, SLC6A4, COMT, OPRM1,
OPRD1, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) have not been reported previously in kidney renal clear …

Aim: Endorphins are endogenous morphine, neuropeptides, produced in the pituitary gland
in response to stress and pain. There are three types of endorphins beta-endorphins …

Introduction Our modern medicine such as using chemical drug to heal disease by
considering our body as bits and pieces, rather than as a whole, has many adverse effects …

Opioids have multiple effects on the immune system (IS). Experimentally, the effects of
opioid administration range from a severe inhibition to strong activation of immune …

Background Perioperative pain management is a key element of enhanced recovery after
surgery (ERAS) programs. A multimodal approach to analgesia as part of a coordinated …