Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization,
eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen …

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes an emerging and re-emerging coronavirus
disease characterized by vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in …

The intestine barrier, the front line of normal body defense, relies on its structural integrity,
microbial composition and barrier immunity. The intestinal mucosal surface is continuously …

Vaccination is defined as the stimulation and development of the adaptive immune system
by administering specific antigens. Vaccines' efficacy, in inducing immunity, varies in …

Over the past 20 years, a variety of potential adjuvants have been studied to enhance the
effect of oral vaccines in the intestinal mucosal immune system; however, no licensed …

Intestinal homeostasis is a dynamic balance involving the interaction between the host
intestinal mucosa, immune barrier, intestinal microecology, nutrients, and metabolites. Once …

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel betacoronavirus SARS-
CoV-2 has been an ongoing global pandemic. Several vaccines have been developed to …

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly virulent re-emerging enteric coronavirus
that causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling …

Puerarin has been reported to be an excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and
antimicrobial agent, but the potential effect of puerarin on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus …

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus in pigs,
that poses a novel threat to swine husbandry worldwide. Crucial to halting PDCoV …