During the past 40 years, cytokines and cytokine receptors have been extensively
investigated as either cancer targets or cancer treatments. A strong preclinical rationale …

Simple Summary Tumors are not masses of cancer cells alone but made up of cancer cells,
other cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, as well as secreted factors …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent tumor entities worldwide with only
limited therapeutic options. CRC is not only a genetic disease with several mutations in …

Cancer immunotherapy is a type of treatment that harnesses the power of the immune
systems of patients to target cancer cells with better precision compared to traditional …

Cancer immunotherapy, which reprograms a patient's own immune system to eradicate
cancer cells, has been demonstrated as a promising therapeutic strategy clinically. Immune …

Chemokines are small secretory chemotactic cytokines that control the directed migration of
immune cells. Chemokines are involved in both anti-and pro-tumorigenic immune …

The phenomenon of T Cell exhaustion (TEX) entails a progressive deterioration in the
functionality of T cells within the immune system during prolonged conflicts with chronic …

The physiological state of the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in cancer
development due to multiple universal features that transcend heterogeneity and niche …

Background Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, represented by PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody
treatment, has been of tremendous success in clinical practice. However, the low clinical …

Abstract The C–X–C motif ligand 16, or CXCL16, is a chemokine that belongs to the ELR−
CXC subfamily. Its function is to bind to the chemokine receptor CXCR6, which is a G protein …