Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of more than 100 types of arthritis. This chronic autoimmune
disorder affects the lining of synovial joints in about 0.5% of people and may induce severe …

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) is involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and …

Background Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of
granulomas, which involve the heart in up to 25% of patients. Cardiac sarcoidosis can lead …

The development of biologics and small oral molecules has recently changed the scenario
of pharmacologic treatment of systemic rheumatic diseases and it has become a real …

Many studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and immunity have used mouse
models. However, outcomes of vaccination and challenge with M. tuberculosis in inbred …

ABSTRACT Interleukin 10 (IL-10) belongs to IL-10 family cytokines that are critical for
maintaining the integrity of epithelial tissues, protecting pathogenic infection, and preventing …

Background Biological agents that contain substances affecting the immune system are
increasingly being used to treat chronic inflammatory systemic diseases. Aside from the …

The extracellular domain of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) generally require
assembly into a homotrimeric quaternary structure as a prerequisite for initiation of signaling …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by neurodegeneration of nigral-striatal neurons in
parallel with the formation of intra-neuronal α-synuclein aggregates, and these processes …

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), an important clinical testing factor and drug target, can
trigger serious autoimmune diseases and inflammation. Thus, the TNFα antibodies have …