This review explores the fundamental neuranatomical and functional bases for integration of
the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates and traces their evolution through …

With approximately 7000 species, snakes and lizards, collectively known as squamates, are
by far the most species‐rich group of reptiles. It was from reptile‐like ancestors that …

Perhaps more than any other animal, snakes fascinate the general public and are objects of
curiosity whenever they are seen. The fact that many people are repelled or horrified by the …

This paper reviews the cardiorespiratory morphology and physiology of the living lungfishes,
in the special context of their highly effective use of both air and water for gas exchange …

The morphology of the reptilian heart results in the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood (cardiac shunts). In birds and mammals cardiac shunts are detrimental, but in reptiles …

The inaugural K jell J ohansen L ecture in the Z oophysiology D epartment of A arhus U
niversity (A arhus, D enmark) afforded the opportunity for a focused workshop comprising …

Cardiac shunting normally occurs in chelonians (turtles), squamates (lizards and snakes)
and crocodilians (alligators, caimans, crocodiles). The magnitude of these shunts is affected …

Many reptiles, particularly diving species, display characteristic cardiovascular changes
associated with lung ventilation (cardiorespiratory synchrony). Previous studies on …

Trematodes of the family Schistosomatidae are considered venous system specialists
whose sister group is the vascular system generalists (Spirorchidae) of turtles. Colonization …

This review explores the long‐standing question:'Why do cardiovascular shunts occur?'An
historical perspective is provided on previous research into cardiac shunts in vertebrates …