Abstract Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important family of receptors that
constitute the first line of defense system against microbes. They can recognize both …

This review attempts to cover the implication of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in controlling
immune functions with emphasis on their significance, function, regulation and expression …

The recognition of invading pathogens and endogenous molecules from damaged tissues
by toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers protective self-defense mechanisms. However …

Monocytes and macrophages are important components of the immune system, specialized
in either removing pathogens as part of innate immunity or contributing to adaptive immunity …

Females greatly outnumber males as sufferers of chronic pain. Although social and
psychological factors certainly play a role in the differences in prevalence and incidence …

Sepsis represents a major cause of lethality during intensive care unit (ICU) treatment.
Pharmacological treatment strategies for sepsis are still limited and mainly based on the …

We previously reported that extracellular histones are major mediators of death in sepsis.
Infusion of extracellular histones leads to increased cytokine levels. Histones activate TLR2 …

Objective: To evaluate whether TAK-242, a small-molecule inhibitor of Toll-like receptor-4–
mediated signaling, suppresses cytokine levels and improves 28-day all-cause mortality …

Background: Remarkable progress has been made during the last decade in defining the
molecular mechanisms that underlie septic shock. This rapidly expanding field is leading to …

TLR8 is among the highest-expressed pattern-recognition receptors in the human myeloid
compartment, yet its mode of action is poorly understood. TLR8 engages two distinct ligand …