This review takes a historical perspective on concepts in the psychology of motivation and
emotion, and surveys recent developments, debates and applications. Old debates over …

Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal
and external environment, and control the probability, proximity and availability of stimuli. As …

Computational psychiatry is a rapidly growing field attempting to translate advances in
computational neuroscience and machine learning into improved outcomes for patients …

Humans have been fascinated by sleep for millennia. After almost a century of scientific
interrogation, significant progress has been made in understanding the neuronal regulation …

Emotions depend upon the integrated activity of neural networks that modulate arousal,
autonomic function, motor control, and somatosensation. Brainstem nodes play critical roles …

Survival depends on the selection of behaviors adaptive for the current environment. For
example, a mouse should run from a rapidly looming hawk but should freeze if the hawk is …

Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), has modulatory
functions at the systemic level. The peripheral and central nervous systems have …

Fatigue is a highly disabling symptom in various medical conditions. While inflammation has
been suggested as a potential contributor to the development of fatigue, underlying …

Operant behavior is not only regulated by factors related to the quality or quantity of
reinforcement, but also by the work requirements inherent in performing instrumental …

Deficits in cognition, reward processing, and motor function are clinical features relevant to
both aging and depression. Individuals with late-life depression often show impairment …