HIV infection can be effectively treated by lifelong administration of combination antiretroviral
therapy, but an effective vaccine will likely be required to end the HIV epidemic. Although the …

Chronic viral infections can appear in two very different forms: those that are typically
immunologically contained after acute symptomatic infection, such as Epstein-Barr virus …

Major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed,
nonclassical MHC class Ib molecule with limited polymorphism that is primarily involved in …

Introduction CD8+ T cell responses focus on a small fraction of total pathogen-encoded
peptides, which are similar among individuals with shared major histocompatibility complex …

The latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells is the major barrier to curing
HIV-1 infection. Studies of HIV-1 latency have focused on regulation of viral gene expression …

The presence of persistent, latent HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T cells obstructs current efforts to
cure infection. The so-called kick-and-kill paradigm proposes to purge these reservoirs by …

Virus-specific CD8+ T cells probably mediate control over HIV replication in rare individuals,
termed long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) or elite controllers. Despite extensive …

Successful vaccine development for infectious diseases has largely been achieved in
settings where natural immunity to the pathogen results in clearance in at least some …

Nucleic acids carry the building plans of living systems. As such, they can be exploited to
make cells produce a desired protein, or to shut down the expression of endogenous genes …

An effective immune response against viral infections depends on the activation of cytotoxic
T cells that can clear infection by killing virus-infected cells. Proper activation of these T cells …