Animals employ diverse learning rules and synaptic plasticity dynamics to record temporal
and statistical information about the world. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying …

Sensory cues that predict reward or punishment are fundamental drivers of animal behavior.
For example, attractive odors of palatable food or a potential mate predict reward, while …

Animals must express the appropriate behavior that meets their most pressing physiological
needs and their environmental context. However, it is currently unclear how alternative …

To what degree are non-human animals conscious? We propose that the most meaningful
way to approach this question is from the perspective of functional neurobiology. Here we …

Animals continuously evaluate sensory information to decide on their next action. Different
sensory cues, however, often demand opposing behavioral responses. How does the brain …

Behavioral flexibility is critical to survival. Animals must adapt their behavioral responses
based on changes in the environmental context, internal state, or experience. Studies in …

The striatal dopamine system has long been studied in the context of reward learning,
motivation, and movement. Given the prominent role dopamine plays in a variety of adaptive …

Starvation induces sustained increase in locomotion, which facilitates food localization and
acquisition and hence composes an important aspect of food-seeking behavior. We …

Concepts act as a cornerstone of human cognition. Humans and non-human primates learn
conceptual relationships such as 'same','different','larger than','better than', among others. In …

The mushroom body (MB) is the center for associative learning in insects. In Drosophila,
intersectional split-GAL4 drivers and electron microscopy (EM) connectomes have laid the …