Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

Astrocytes are critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. Increasing evidence
suggests that a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic …

Current analgesics predominately modulate pain transduction and transmission in neurons
and have limited success in controlling disease progression. Accumulating evidence …

The nature of the transition from acute to chronic pain still eludes explanation, but chronic
pain resulting from surgery provides a natural experiment that invites clinical …

Substance P is a peptide mainly secreted by neurons and is involved in many biological
processes, including nociception and inflammation. Animal models have provided insights …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

In the last decade, preclinical investigations of electroacupuncture mechanisms on
persistent tissue injury (inflammatory), nerve injury (neuropathic), cancer, and visceral pain …

Macrophages are central to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They constitute
the main source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF and IL-1β, they …

Although substantial evidence has established that microglia and astrocytes play a key role
in the establishment and maintenance of persistent pain in animal models, the role of glial …

Substance P (SP) is a highly conserved member of the tachykinin peptide family that is
widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. The numerous members of the tachykinin …