Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a significant respiratory pathogen of commercial poultry
that causes millions of dollars in lost revenue worldwide each year. Even though the poultry …

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA
genome, which continuously circulate in mammals and birds and pose a threat to livestock …

RNA viruses are characterized by high mutation and recombination rates, which allow a
rapid adaptation to new environments. Most of the emerging diseases and host jumps are …

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is an etiological agent that causes a benign enteric illness and
the fatal systemic disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The FCoV spike (S) protein is …

Abstract SARS-CoV-2, the agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerged in late 2019 in China,
and rapidly spread throughout the world to reach all continents. As the virus expanded in its …

Despite the fact that vaccine resistance has been typically considered a rare phenomenon,
some episodes of vaccine failure have been reported with increasing frequency in …

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a well-known group of viruses in veterinary medicine. We
currently know four genera of Coronavirus, alfa, beta, gamma, and delta. Wild, farmed, and …

Avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), are important respiratory
pathogens of poultry. The heavily glycosylated IBV spike protein is responsible for binding to …

Simple Summary Coronaviruses are worldwide distributed RNA-viruses affecting several
species, causing a broad spectrum of diseases with a zoonotic potential and the ability to …

In December 2019, twenty‐seven pneumonia patients with unknown causes originated in
South China seafood market in Wuhan. The virus infection spread rapidly and swept through …