Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization.
However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper respiratory …

Sterilizing immunity after vaccination is desirable to prevent the spread of infection from
vaccinees, which can be especially dangerous in hospital settings while managing frail …

Background Although the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine is known to induce IgG neutralizing
antibodies in serum protecting against COVID-19, it has not been studied in detail whether it …

Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated individuals are considered a
consequence of waning immunity. Serum antibodies represent the most measurable …

Multiple vaccines have recently been developed, and almost all the countries are presently
vaccinating their population to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the COVID-19 …

Purpose COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a result of infection by the deadly pathogenic
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing enormous threats …

The development and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrated major
successes in providing immunity and preventing severe disease and death. Yet SARS-CoV …

Specific memory B cells and antibodies are a reliable read-out of vaccine efficacy. We
analysed these biomarkers after one and two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. The second dose …

Introduction Several vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) have been developed since the inception of the coronavirus disease 2019 …

Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has
caused a deadly pandemic in the 21st century, resulting in many deaths, economic loss, and …