Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents a growth factor with important pro-
angiogenic activity, having a mitogenic and an anti-apoptotic effect on endothelial cells …

The function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cancer is not limited to
angiogenesis and vascular permeability. VEGF-mediated signalling occurs in tumour cells …

Abstract Programmed death 1 (PD‐1) is an immune checkpoint molecule that negatively
regulates T‐cell immune function through the interaction with its ligand PD‐L1. Blockage of …

Neutrophils are the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation and are
usually associated with inflammation and with fighting infections. In recent years the role …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is primarily known as a proangiogenic factor and
is one of the most important growth and survival factors affecting the vascular endothelium …

Diabetic retinopathy, a sight-threatening microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, is
initiated by retinal endothelial dysfunction and succeeded by various pathological events …

Tumor vessels can provide oxygen and nutrition for solid tumor tissue, create abnormal
tumor microenvironment (TME), and play a vital role in the development, immune escape …

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is a protein secreted by podocytes that is
necessary for survival of endothelial cells, podocytes, and mesangial cells. VEGF-A …

Our understanding of the dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME) has improved
exponentially over the last few decades. In addition to traditional cytotoxic agents, anti …

Abstract About 1.2 to 33% of high-altitude populations suffer from Monge's disease or
chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Number of factors such as age, sex, and population of …