Warm-adapted species survived the cold stages of the past glacial-interglacial cycles in
southern European peninsulas and recolonized major parts of Central and Northern Europe …

Climate change is causing shifts in the distribution of many species and populations
inhabiting mountain tops are particularly vulnerable to these threats because they are …

Insect diversity represents about 60% of the estimated million‐and‐a‐half described
eukaryotic species worldwide, yet comprehensive and well‐resolved intra‐ordinal …

The halophytic plant communities along the tropical and subtropical coastlines are termed
as mangroves (Biswas et al. 2012). Several other terms such as “mangal …

Aim Unpartitioned dissimilarity indices such as the Sørensen index (βsor) tend to categorize
areas according to species number. The use of turnover indices, such as the Simpson index …

One of the most investigated patterns in species diversity is the so-called latitudinal gradient,
that is, a decrease in species richness from the equator to the poles. However, few studies …

Simple Summary Larger areas tend to host more species. This general ecological pattern
(known as the species–area relationship, SAR) can be used to calculate expected extinction …

Vegetation tends to vary in a systematic fashion along elevational gradients, leading to the
possibility of recognizing distinct vegetational belts, which are frequently used to describe …

Simple Summary During the last Ice Age, most European animals retreated into southern
refuges (mainly the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas) from which they recolonized …

Simple Summary Italy plays a central role in the research on Europe's biogeography
because of its position in the middle of the Mediterranean, which is a global hotspot of …