Hypoxia, a common feature of solid tumors, greatly hinders the efficacy of conventional
cancer treatments such as chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy. The depletion of oxygen in …

A common feature of many solid tumors is low oxygen conditions due to inadequate blood
supply. Hypoxia induces hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) stabilization and downstream …

Malignant carcinomas are often characterized by metastasis, the movement of carcinoma
cells from a primary site to colonize distant organs. For metastasis to occur, carcinoma cells …

Abstract PD-1 (CD279)–PD-L1 (CD274) inhibitory signaling is critical for cancer immune
evasion, and thus has become one of the major targets in anticancer immunotherapy. There …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal disease and patients with HCC frequently die
from metastasis. The mechanisms of HCC metastasis are not completely understood. In the …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are predominantly M2 phenotype in solid cancers
including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Though differentiation of M2 macrophages has …

Understanding the composition and function of the blood brain barrier (BBB) enables the
development of novel, innovative techniques for administering central nervous system …

Hypoxia inducible transcription factors (HIFs) activate diverse pathways that regulate cellular
metabolism, angiogenesis, proliferation, and migration, enabling a cell to respond to a low …

In a previous study, we demonstrated that Tanshinone IIA effectively inhibits CRC
angiogenesis in vivo, but the underlying mechanisms were not elucidated. In this report, we …

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers with limited
therapeutic options. Pathogenesis of this disease involves tumor hypoxia and the activation …