Binary toxin (CDT) is frequently observed in Clostridium difficile strains associated with
increased severity of C. difficile infection (CDI). CDT belongs to the family of binary ADP …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the causative agent of botulism, is acknowledged to be the
most poisonous protein known. BoNT proteases disable synaptic vesicle exocytosis by …

Clostridia is one of the largest bacterial genera with an enormous potential for biotechnical
and medical applications. Despite growing scientific, medical, and industrial interest …

Some hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile produce the binary actin-ADP-ribosylating
toxin C. difficile transferase (CDT) in addition to Rho-glucosylating toxins A and B. It has …

Binary enterotoxins Clostridium (C.) botulinum C2 toxin, C. perfringens iota toxin and C.
difficile toxin CDT are composed of a transport (B) and a separate non-linked enzyme (A) …

Bacterial AB-type toxins are proteins released by the producing bacteria and are the
causative agents for several severe diseases including cholera, whooping cough, diphtheria …

The inefficient translocation of proteins across biological membranes limits their application
as potential therapeutics and research tools. In many cases, the translocation of a protein …

The binary Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin consists of the binding/translocation component
C2IIa and the separate enzyme component C2I, which mono‐ADP‐ribosylates actin in …

Strains of the Bacillus cereus group have been widely used as probiotics for human beings,
food animals, plants, and environmental remediation. Paradoxically, B. cereus is …

The binary Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin consists of the binding/translocation component
C2IIa and the separate enzyme component C2I. C2IIa delivers C2I into the cytosol of …