Neural computations are often compared to instrument-measured distance or duration, and
such relationships are interpreted by a human observer. However, neural circuits do not …

Supervised learning plays a key role in the operation of many biological and artificial neural
networks. Analysis of the computations underlying supervised learning is facilitated by the …

The encoding of time and its binding to events are crucial for episodic memory, but how
these processes are carried out in hippocampal–entorhinal circuits is unclear. Here we …

Neuroscience has focused on the detailed implementation of computation, studying neural
codes, dynamics and circuits. In machine learning, however, artificial neural networks tend …

Nothing is more intuitive, yet more complex, than the concepts of space and time. In contrast
to spacetime in physics, space and time in neuroscience remain separate coordinates to …

The advent of powerful perturbation tools, such as optogenetics, has created new frontiers
for probing causal dependencies in neural and behavioral states. These approaches have …

Decisions are held in memory until enacted, which makes them potentially vulnerable to
distracting sensory input. Gating of information flow from sensory to motor areas could …

Time perception is an essential element of conscious and subconscious experience,
coordinating our perception and interaction with the surrounding environment. In recent …

A hallmark of higher brain function is the ability to rapidly and flexibly adjust behavioral
responses based on internal and external cues. Here, we examine the computational …

Learning of adaptive behaviors requires the refinement of coordinated activity across
multiple brain regions. However, how neural communications develop during learning …